Reader style: visual-relational

Who

  • Reader: someone who asks for structure they can see: relations as graphs, sets as regions, quantities as geometry, kinds as colours, and little text.
  • Expertise: any level.
  • Reading mode: scans the figure first, then reads the text that remains.

This is a stated preference, not a learning style. The content advice below holds for every reader; the preference only sets how far to push it:

  • diagrams that put related items next to each other save search and inference (Larkin & Simon 1987);
  • words with a picture beat words alone (Mayer's multimedia principle).

Overrides

Principle Change Why
draw relations strengthen: any relation, set, quantity or process is drawn before it is described; the prose then refers to the figure and does not re-describe it preference, on top of evidence that holds for all readers (learning science)
signal the structure strengthen: text is a tree; one idea per line; tables and lists before paragraphs; no block past three lines preference; the signaling effect itself is measured (typography and layout)
define before use strengthen: a symbol is named in the sentence before the formula that uses it preference, consistent with pre-training (Mayer)
(colour) add: one colour per kind of thing, the same across a whole document preference, untested; colour must never be the only cue (WCAG 2.2, 1.4.1)
(motion) add: anything that changes over time is shown stepping, at the reader's pace animation beats static pictures only modestly, depending on what is shown (Höffler & Leutner 2007; Berney & Bétrancourt 2016); letting the reader set the pace helps (Mayer & Chandler 2001)

Thresholds

None changed.

Open questions

Whether drawing everything has a cost for this reader when the relation is trivial; untested.