Frame: the problem and its names

This file states the problem in one sentence and lists what research and practice call its parts.

The method has a name

This review is a multivocal literature review (MLR), after Garousi 2019: a systematic review that adds grey literature to the formal literature. Grey literature is any source outside journals and books from academic presses. Grey sources come in three tiers by how much control the outlet exerts:

  • Tier 1: books, standards, government and official reports, white papers.
  • Tier 2: owner web guides, annual reports, presentations, videos, wiki pages.
  • Tier 3: blogs, emails, social posts.

How the pool was built is in protocol; each source and its score are in sources.

The problem in one sentence

So that a listener understands and keeps the main points, decide what the slides show and what the speaker says; the listener cannot slow down or reread.

What is new against a page

Property Page Talk
Pace the reader sets it the speaker sets it (system-paced)
Reread possible not possible
Source of words one channel slide text and voice at once
Speaker absent part of the medium
Seeing the words at reading distance at room distance

Names for the same things

  • Learning theory: multimedia learning, cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML), cognitive load theory (CLT).
  • Principles with a name each: modality, redundancy, segmenting, signalling, coherence, spatial contiguity, embodiment, voice, image.
  • Slide design: assertion-evidence (AE), sentence headline, action title (consulting), topic-subtopic or phrase headline slide, bullet slide, slideware, presentation graphics.
  • Speaker: instructor presence, social agency theory, pedagogical agent, gesture, enthusiasm.
  • Genre: conference presentation (CP), scientific conference presentation, research talk, move analysis, multimodal genre, Q&A or discussion session.
  • Room: legibility, viewing distance, display image size, element height, ICT accessibility.

Practitioners' names

  • TED: talk, big idea. Duarte: glance test, sparkline. Reynolds: Presentation Zen.
  • Kawasaki: 10/20/30 rule. Lessig: Lessig method (also called Takahashi method).
  • PechaKucha (20 slides, 20 seconds), Ignite (20 slides, 15 seconds).
  • Amazon: six-page narrative memo with a "study hall" start. Consulting: pyramid principle.
  • Computer science: great research talk (Peyton Jones), good talk (Alon).
  • Conference organisers: instructions for presenters, speaker guide, presenter information.
  • Accessibility: accessible presentation, inclusive presentation.
  • Teaching centres: lecture slide design, slide deck, handout.
  • Motion and colour practice are listed under their own headings below.

Motion in a talk (Q7): names

  • Problem in one sentence: decide what moves, who sets its pace, and what is shown live rather than recorded, when the speaker and not the viewer controls time.
  • Research on animation: instructional animation, dynamic visualization, learner control or interactivity principle, system-paced against self-paced, transient information.
  • Research on slides and video: cumulative or sequential presentation, temporal contiguity, segmenting, seductive details, lecture capture, video lecture, instructor presence, guided gaze.
  • Research on demonstration: live coding against static-code examples, demonstration, explainer video, whiteboard animation.
  • Practice: builds or build steps, progressive disclosure, reveal, fly-in, transition, Morph, embedded clip, live demo, staged or live-looking demo, screencast, talking head, Khan-style tablet video, 3Blue1Brown style, Manim (the library behind it).
  • Acronyms and authors tried: CTML, CLT, MOOC, ALC and TLC; Guo, Brame, Tabbers, Liu, Shah, Selvaraj, Sanderson.
  • Animation against static pictures in a self-paced page is held in the learning science review (animation section) and is not reviewed again here.

Colour (Q8): names

  • Problem in one sentence: decide which colours go on slides and figures so that they signal, stay readable in a room and for colour-vision deficiency, and do not mislead.
  • Research on learning: color coding or signaling (cueing), emotional design (pleasant, warm, aesthetic colours), anthropomorphism.
  • Research on figures: color scale or colour map, perceptually uniform, sequential, diverging and qualitative schemes, rainbow or jet map.
  • Research on viewers: color-vision deficiency (CVD), color blindness, positive and negative polarity, color harmony, color preference, ecological valence theory.
  • Practice: palette, color scheme, accent colour, color wheel (complementary, analogous, triadic), dark mode, inverse video, colour-safe or colourblind-friendly palette, Okabe-Ito or Wong palette, viridis, #EndRainbow, ColorBrewer.
  • Acronyms and authors tried: CVD, WCAG 1.4.1, CIELAB; Ozcelik, Plass, Brom, Wong, Harrower, Brewer, Borland, Crameri, Okabe, Greco, Palmer, Schloss.
  • Contrast ratio and positive polarity are held in sufficient contrast; position and length before colour is held in draw relations; the colour-by-kind preference is in the visual-relational reader style. None is reviewed again.

Search terms tried, three ways

  • Academic: multimedia learning principles, redundancy effect, assertion-evidence, instructor presence, gesture comprehension meta-analysis, conference presentation genre, discussion sessions.
  • Acronym: CTML, CLT, AE, CP, ICT, WCAG, DISCAS, ADM.
  • Author: Mayer, Fiorella, Kalyuga, Sweller, Alley, Garner, Tufte, Kosslyn, Baker, Rowley-Jolivet, Hood, Dubois.
  • Grey: the twelve strings of protocol.md (G1 to G12) and the reviews strings (E1 to E6) were added in the MLR round; OpenAlex counts for the formal terms are in protocol.md.
  • Q7 and Q8 round: strings E7 to E13, H1 to H10, M1 to M10, V1 to V3 and G13 to G31 of protocol.md, three ways each (academic name, acronym, author).
  • Forward citations of Garner and Alley 2013 were listed through a citation index (41 citing records at the time).